php Osmanisches Reich – Dynastie der Osmanen 1299 bis 1923

Osmanisches Reich

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Thronfolger wurde bis zum 15. Jahrhundert derjenige Sohn des Herrschers, dem die Herrschaft zufiel. Mit seinem Ḳānūnnāme gestattete Mehmed II. den Brudermord der Sultane. Die Thronfolgeregelung folgte seit Ahmed I. gewohnheitsrechtlich und seit der Osmanischen Verfassung nach gesetztem Recht dem Prinzip des Seniorats. 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!important;}“][vc_column width=“1/4″ css=“.vc_custom_1531794177312{margin-left: 10px !important;border-top-width: 2px !important;border-right-width: 2px !important;border-bottom-width: 2px !important;border-left-width: 2px !important;padding-top: 10px !important;padding-right: 10px !important;padding-bottom: 10px !important;padding-left: 10px !important;border-left-color: #a4833f !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-color: #a4833f !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-color: #a4833f !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-color: #a4833f !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;border-radius: 3px !important;}“][TS-VCSC-Lightbox-Image content_image=“65″][/vc_column][vc_column width=“3/4″ css=“.vc_custom_1531794272272{margin-left: 10px !important;}“][vc_column_text css_animation=“bounceIn“]Der Name leitet sich von Osman I. ab, dem Gründer des Osmanischen Reiches.

Fürstentum Osman zu Zeiten der anatolischen Fürstentümer (13. Jahrhundert)

Einige Beyliks in Anatolien um 1300

Nachdem 1235 das rum-seldschukische Herrscherhaus die Oberhand der Mongolen (Ilchane) anerkannt hatte, wanderten türkmenische Stämme verstärkt nach Westanatolien. Es entstanden zahlreichetürkische Fürstentümer in Zentral- und Westanatolien, die an das byzantinische Reich grenzten (siehe Abbildung). 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Osman I. Gazi war der Begründer der osmanischen Dynastie und des Osmanischen Reiches.

Geboren: 1258, Söğüt, Türkei

Gestorben: 1. August 1326, Bursa, Türkei

Vollständiger Name: Osman bin Ertuğrul

Kinder: Orhan I., Hacıkemaleddinoğlu Alaeddin Pascha,

Eltern: Ertuğrul Gazi, Halime Hatun

Ehepartnerinnen: Rabia Bala Hatun (verh. 1289–1324), Mal Hatun(verh. 1280–1323)

 

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Osman I. trat 1288 die Nachfolge seines Vaters Ertuğrul an und wurde Oberhaupt seines Stammes.

Der Stamm gehörte der Kayi an, einer Untergruppe der Oghusen. Nach der Eroberung von Karacahisar wurde Osman 1288 vom Seldschuken-Sultan zum Bey/Fürsten ernannt, womit das Fürstentum Osman gegründet war.

Als Vasallen im Sultanat der Rum-Seldschuken dienten die Fürstentümer in einer Föderation von mehreren Fürstentümern, bis Osman I. 1299 sein Fürstentum für unabhängig erklärte. Sein Sohn Orhan I. eroberte Bursa und festigte die Macht der Familie in Anatolien.

Beylik

Am 1. November 1922 wurde die osmanische Monarchie von der türkischen Nationalversammlung unter Mustafa Kemal formal abgeschafft. Der letzte Sultan des Osmanischen Reiches, Mehmed VI., verließ das Reich am 17. November 1922 und begab sich ins Exil nach San Remo. Sein Nachfolger Abdülmecit II. war nur noch Kalif. Das Osmanische Kalifat wurde am 1. März 1924 abgeschafft, die Familie wurde ins Exil verbannt. Am 4. März verließ er um 5.00 Uhr seinen Palast. Zwei seiner vier Ehefrauen, Sohn und Tochter, Leibarzt, Sekretär und Kammerdiener begleiteten ihn. An der Schweizer Grenze wurde die Reisegesellschaft aufgehalten, da Polygamisten die Immigration untersagt war. Erst eine Ausnahmeregelung ermöglichte den Aufenthalt. Später lebte Abdülmecit in Nizza. Er starb 1945 in Paris.

Das Haus Osman hat während seiner 6 Jahrhunderte umfassenden Herrschaft ein Vermögen angehäuft, dessen Umfang auf 120 Milliarden US-Dollar heutiger Kaufkraft geschätzt wird (Stand 2010). 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